GE JOB Postings

Respiratory and Sleep Region Product Marketing Leader Job ChengDu, SiChuan, China Nov 23, 2011
Controller Job Warsaw, Poland Nov 27, 2011
QC System Engineer (质保系统工程师- 桐庐) Job Tonglu, ZheJiang, China Nov 25, 2011
Engineering / Technology Program Leader Job West Chester, OH, United States Nov 26, 2011
PeopleSoft Developer (Systems Analyst) Job Van Buren Township, MI, United States Nov 29, 2011
HR Operations Process Analyst Job Milano, Italy Nov 25, 2011
Sales Representative Job GA, United States Nov 25, 2011
Senior Staff Engineer Gas Turbine Structures Design Job Lynn, MA, United States Nov 29, 2011
Stage - Finance Job Buc, France Nov 25, 2011
Staff Systems Engineering Leader Job Grand Rapids, MI, United States Nov 25, 2011
Advanced Computing Researcher Job Niskayuna, NY, United States Nov 25, 2011
Sales Support Leader( m/w) Job Germany Nov 23, 2011
Business Intelligence Project Manager Job Little Chalfont, United Kingdom Nov 25, 2011
Shop Tooling Technician Job Pulau Batam, Indonesia Nov 25, 2011
Process Quality Engineer Job Singapore, Singapore Nov 25, 2011
Lead Financial Systems Analyst Job Paris, France Nov 25, 2011
Product Sales Specialist, XR Job Kentucky, West Virginia, United States Nov 25, 2011
Web UX/Design Lead Job Van Buren Township, MI, United States Nov 23, 2011
Senior Staff Engineer for Centrifugal Compressor Design Job Lynn, MA, United States Nov 25, 2011
VP, Sales - Fleet Services Job Dallas, TX; Houston, TX, TX, United States Nov 25, 2011
Mechanical Engineer II-HC Job BeiJing, BeiJing, China Nov 27, 2011
Lead Sales Representative Job Pennsylviania; New Jersey; Virginia, PA, United St Nov 25, 2011
Lead Systems Analyst- GAMS Job Wauwatosa, WI, United States Nov 29, 2011
Sourcing Leader Job BeiJing, BeiJing, China Nov 25, 2011
Sub-Regional Customer Service Manager Job Veresegyhaz, Hungary Nov 25, 2011

Reset
Team Leader Job Budapest, Hungary Nov 25, 2011
Lead Engineer/Technologist Job ShangHai, ShangHai, China Nov 23, 2011
Cyber Security Senior Researcher Job Niskayuna, NY, United States Nov 25, 2011
Sales Engineer - Distribution Job Ruesselsheim, Germany Nov 25, 2011
PFLP (Plant Financial Leadership Program) Job ShangHai, ShangHai, China Nov 25, 2011
Tax Analyst Job Stamford, CT, United States Nov 27, 2011
Datový a provozní analytik Job Praha, Czech Republic Nov 25, 2011
Electrical Generalist Job Schenectady, NY, United States Nov 27, 2011
User Interface Applications Engineer Job Melbourne, FL, United States Nov 24, 2011
IT Project Manager – PC End User Services Job Cincinnati, OH, United States Nov 25, 2011
Senior Team Leader - Business Solutions Job Fairfield, CT, United States Nov 25, 2011
Image Analysis Scientist Job Niskayuna, NY, United States Nov 25, 2011
Lead Scientist - Image Analysis Job Niskayuna, NY, United States Nov 25, 2011
Technical Clarification Engineer- Controls Job Doha, Qatar Nov 26, 2011
This is a Test Job. E_POSTED_POSITION_TITLE Job Fairfield, Test, United States Nov 26, 2011
Compliance Manager/Leader Job ShangHai, ShangHai, China Nov 26, 2011
SPECIALIST, DEALER COMPLIANCE Job ShangHai, ShangHai, China Nov 26, 2011
Associate Sales Representative Job Mexico City, Mexico Nov 26, 2011
Research Engineer Job Bangalore, India Nov 23, 2011
IT-Architect (m/w) Job Mainz, Germany Nov 26, 2011
Sektorový manažer senior Job Praha, Czech Republic Nov 26, 2011
Sales Manager – Systems Business Job Bangalore, India Nov 27, 2011
Region Product Marketing Leader (Chengdu, Shanghai, Beijing) Job Chengdu, ShangHai, SiChuan, BeiJing, China Nov 27, 2011
Lead Engineer / Technologist - Performance Engineering Job Lynn, MA, United States Nov 25, 2011
Mining Regional Sales Leader - Australia Job Perth, Australia Nov 23, 2011

Clean Tech Jobs Green Jobs

Communications Director Clean Energy States Alliance, Inc. DC
Dir Origination Viridium Associates California
Training Programs Manager SolarCity San Mateo, CA (HQ)
Procurement Manager Q-Cells International San Francisco, CA
Technical Intern KACO new energy San Francisco
Incentives Admin SolarCity San Mateo, CA
Program Coordinator Conservation Services Group Madison, WI
Origination Associate 3Degrees Group San Francisco
Bus Development Manager OutBack Power Technologies Arlington, TX
Customer Service Rep Conservation Services Group Peoria, IL
Associate Energy Advisor Conservation Services Group Portland, OR
PV Sales Manager Trina Solar S California, Texas
Wind Sales Manager Viridium Associates Mexico City
PV Designer/Engineer Revolusun LLC Honolulu

Green Jobs Worldwide

Green Jobs:

Planning Analyst I Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance Portland, OR
Training Manager Conservation Services Group Nashville, TN
Dir of Engineering Conservation Services Group Westborough, MA
Field Manager Conservation Services Group Peoria, IL
Market Project Manager DC Sustainable Energy Utility Washington, DC
Inside Sales Rep UniRac,Inc Albuquerque, New Mexico
Solar PV Installer SolarCity San Diego, CA
Energy Brokers B.S.P. Intl, LLC LA,NY,TX,DC
Sales Market Manager Robert Bosch LLC San Mateo, CA
Assistant Site Auditor SolarCity Denver, CO
EnergyReady Project Manager Civic Works' EnergyReady Baltimore, MD
Warehouse Stock Clerk SolarCity Culver City/LA
Sr Regional Ops Manager SunEdison Toronto, ON, Canada
Sales Director Viridium Associates Houston
Project Engineer Viridium Associates London, UK
Solar Reg Safety Manager SolarCity Trenton New Jersey

Green Jobs

Green Jobs:

Mid-Senior Product Development Engineer Solar Boise / Nampa, Idaho
Regional Safety Manager SolarCity Oahu, HI
SALES ENGINEER SANYO Energy Frisco, Texas
SOLAR MARKET DEVELOPMENT SPECIALIST SANYO Energy Secaucus, New Jersey
Office Manager/Project Coordinator Ind Power Systems Boulder, CO
Field Service Engineer Draker Lab NY/NJ/PA
Lead Customer Service Representative Conservation GroupNashville, TN
Call Center/Solar Outreach Specialist Real Goods Solar Louisville, Co
Site Manager, Wind Farm, Shelby, Montana Ingeteam, Inc. Shelby, MT
BPI Installer / Weatherization Tech Spartan Green EnergyMaryland & DC
Director, Solar Lean Deployment SunEdison San Fran CA
Midwest Contact Center Supervisor Conservation GroupPeoria, IL
Inside Solar Sales Consultant SolarCity San Mateo, CA

Ways to Reduce Your Lighting Costs

Determine the amount of lighting you really need:

**Do a lighting walk-through
*Take a close look at each area to see what lighting needs really are. Ask people how they feel about the lighting
*Consider using a light meter and comparing the results with the lighting level recommendations from the Illuminating Engineering Society.
*Check to see how clean the lamps and fixtures are and do any necessary cleaning before deciding on efficiency changes in the lighting.
*Be sure to take into account whatever contribution daylight is making.
**Consider a walk-through with an expert
**Review your outside lighting needs
*Consider parking areas, signs, entrances, walls and landscaping. You may be able to turn off some of this lighting, or use it fewer hours, or use lower wattage lamps.

**Reduce lighting levels when appropriate
*Assess the use of dimmers
**Remove unnecessary lighting
**Use partial lighting before and after "public hours"

**Reduce hours of lighting operation when appropriate
*Turn off lights when an area is unoccupied
*Install occupancy sensors in general usage areas
*Use daylight to its full advantage
*Use photocells, time clocks or both
*Consider rewiring
*Consider an energy management system

**Install more efficient lighting
*Replace incandescent lamps with higher efficiency lamps
*Consider halogen lamps for "tight beam" applications
*Choose the right style of lamp for recessed or "can" lighting
*Replace T-12 fluorescent lamps and magnetic ballasts with T-8 or T-5 lamps with electronic ballasts
*Install high efficiency ballasts
*Replace present lamps before they burn out
*Retrofit your Exit signs
*Replace outdoor lights with more efficient types of fixtures

Energy Efficiency and Rebates

Lighting

Why Lighting is Important:

Lighting usually offers an easy and rewarding way to save energy dollars. Savings of 20% to 50% are commonplace.

* The bulk of lighting costs is the cost of electricity.
* The energy used for lighting typically represents 35-75% of your electric bill.
* Reducing the amount of electricity you use for lighting may also reduce your peak demand. If you are billed for both energy use and demand, you may achieve additional savings.
* Since lights generate heat, improved lighting efficiency can lower your air conditioning costs too.
* There's usually a lot of room for improvement. Although most new facilities have been designed with energy conservation in mind, and many existing facilities have already taken steps to trim lighting costs, many older facilities can save money through more efficient lighting.

Lighting Considerations:
When considering energy-efficient lighting alternatives you typically need to weigh your alternatives relative to several considerations:

* The type of lighting
* Quantity and quality of light
* Energy consumption
* Costs and length of life

Purpose and Use of the Lighting:
* Ambient lighting-general illumination indoors for daily activities, and outdoors for safety and security
* Task lighting-the lighting used by workers as they perform a task-facilitates particular tasks that require more light than is needed for general illumination, such as under-counter kitchen lights, table lamps, or bathroom mirror lights.
* Background lighting-the general lighting throughout the space
* Accent lighting-draws attention to special features or enhances the aesthetic qualities of an indoor or outdoor environment.

Quantity and Quality of Light:
Both the amount of light and the quality of that light play an important role in choosing the right lighting alternative.

Quantity of Light:
There are two measures of light that are of top interest to most people when they are considering their lighting alternatives: Lumens and Footcandles

Lumen-A lumen is an amount of light generated by a light source. Lamps are rated according to the number of lumens they produce.

Footcandle-A footcandle is the amount of light that reaches a particular surface. You measure footcandle with a light meter.

Green Jobs

13349 Energy Efficiency Consultant- Inside Sales SolarCity San Mateo
13348 Fund Accountant SolarCity San Mateo, CA
13347 Commercial Marketing Manager SolarCity San Mateo, CA
13344 Associate Manager Business Planning Sharp Electronics Corp Camas, WA
13341 Director Project Solutions Sharp Electronics Corporation San Fran, CA
13332 Director, Solar Lean Deployment SunEdison San Francisco, CA
13223 Director, Global FP&A SunEdison Belmont, California
13022 Senior Sales Representative- Southwest US Upsolar America, Inc. US
13331 Performance Monitoring Engineer Belectric, Inc. Newark, CA
13330 Energy Advisor Conservation Services Group Peoria, IL
13328 Sales Manager, Hamburg, Germany, Viridium
13327 Sales Manager, Milan, Italy, Viridium
13323 Residential Energy Inspector / Consultant Geavista Group Fayetteville / Tex
13322 Solar Sales Manager Solar Works Sonoma County, CA
13320 Business Development Manager - USA Valence Austin, TX
13318 Office Coordinator Conservation Services Group Portland, Oregon
13317 DFS Technical Specialist LG Electronics Rancho Cucamonga, CA
13316 Controls Technical Specialist LG Electronics Alpharetta, GA
13315 Senior Customer Service Rep Conservation Services Group Nashville, TN
13310 Data Analyst Conservation Services Group Lombard, IL

Green Jobs: More companies hiring. GET A GREEN JOB TODAY!

Companies Hiring:

BlueChip Energy
Inside Sales Representative

Conservation Services Group
Mgr. Finance/Operations

Solar Energy Exchange, Inc.
PV Solar In-Home Sales Representative

groSolar
VP Commercial PV Sales

A.R. Sandri, Inc.
Lead Solar Installer

Viridium Associates
Plant Manager, Kansas, USA

Lightway New Green Energy Co.
Sales Manager

Talent HR Solutions LLC
PROJECT MANAGER (SOLAR/PV)

AAA Solar Electric, Inc.
Solar Installer

Real Goods Solar
Sales Manager - Solar Power (Southern California)

American Electric Technologies, Inc
Regional Sales Manager

Halco Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy Project Salesperson/Designer

MX Solar USA
Inside Sales

Sunize Technologies, Inc
Senior Buyer

Solar PV Installer
United Renewable Energy Rochester, NY;
Raleigh, NC;
Morganton, NC;
Full Time Entry level Aug 4, 2011
Reuse Warehouse Worker
Build It Green! Queens, NY;
Brooklyn, NY;
Full Time Entry level Aug 2, 2011
Community Organizer (Green-Collar Jobs)
Statewide Organizing for Community eMpowerment Knoxville, TN;
Full Time Entry level Jul 29, 2011
Assembler (All Shifts)
Helios Solar Works Milwaukee, WI;
Full Time Entry level Jul 29, 2011
Teacher/Naturalist
Tin Mountain Conservation Center Albany, NH;
Full Time Entry level Jul 28, 2011
Product Catalog Manager
Conservation Mart Lawrenceville, GA;
Part Time Entry level Jul 27, 2011
Facility Sustainability Assessor
Arts: Earth Partnership Venice, CA;
Part Time Entry level Jul 22, 2011
Solar Helper
Ecological Systems Englishtown, NJ;
Full Time Entry level Jul 21, 2011
Warehouse Manager / Driver
Green Sol Denver, CO;
Part Time Entry level Jul 21, 2011
Marketing and Development Assistant
Center for EcoTechnology Pittsfield, MA;
Full Time Entry level Jul 20, 2011

Introduction to Programs, Rebates, and Incentives

Where Does the Money Come From?

The SCE incentive and rebate programs are paid for by California ratepayers and administered by SCE under the auspices of the CPUC.

The CPUC sets goals for the utility companies, and pays the utility companies money to create and implement various programs. The utility companies then identify ways to apply the money to meet these goals.
In 2007, according to the CPUC, they "created the most ambitious energy efficiency and conservation campaign in the history of the utility industry in the U.S."

How Can You Receive Your Rebates?

The specifics of how you participate in SCE's programs vary with the program. The following topic includes an overview of some programs of interest, including the process for receiving rebates through the Express Efficiency and Standard Performance Contract programs.

Express Solutions Program: Is designed for small to medium sized nonresidential customers who maintain a monthly demand of less than 500 kW.
It offers SCE business customers generous cash rebates toward the purchase and installation of qualified equipment that improves their facility's energy efficiency.

The ES program has earned several national energy efficiency awards as a result of its successful track record-achieving energy savings at an extraordinarily low cost per kWh and kW and encouraging customers who might otherwise not implement the energy saving equipment.

Customized Solution Program: Is designed for all industrial, commercial, and agricultural customers including but not limited to government institutions, schools, manufacturing facilities, office buildings, restaurants, and retail facilities.

Incentives are based on the type of measure installed and the kWh saved over a 12-month period. Applicants are eligible to receive up to 50% of the cost for each measure type.

The CS incentives accommodate "customized projects." Projects are open to a wide range of measures that save energy, and may include common retrofits like lighting, HVAC, and refrigeration upgrades, or more specialized process improvements and customized equipment replacements. Retrofit or new equipment installations are eligible.

Direct Install Program: Is a proven method of delivering retrofit hardware to very small and small customers. This program can help these customers overcome barriers such as higher startup costs and split incentives for leased spaces.

CA Solar Incentives: Is designed for a wide range of customers, including residential homeowners, businesses large and small, government facilities, nonprofit organizations, and more.

SCE offers qualifying customers and system owners cash incentives for buying and installing tracking and fixed photovoltaic (PV) systems.

Incentives are based upon the size and characteristics of the installation and the customer classification.

Demand Response Program: Which are designed to encourage a reduction in energy use during designated high demand periods when overall electricity use is at its highest, or when power grid integrity may be at risk.

SCE's Automated Demand Response (AUTO DR) program that enable eligible customers to participate in DR by reducing electricity usage during periods of peak demand without manual intervention. AUTO DR uses an energy management system (EMS) to automatically achieve specified energy demand reductions (kW and duration) during periods of peak demand.

Green Jobs New companies hiring!

ProVision Solar, Inc.
http://www.provisiontechnologies.com/

Colehour + Cohen
http://www.colehourcohen.com/go/

Conservation Services Group
http://www.csgrp.com/

Det Norske Veritas
http://www.dnv.com/

OTB Solar
http://www.roth-rau.de/konzern/otb/de/

SunEdison
http://www.sunedison.com/

Green Sol
http://green-sol.net/

Real Goods Solar
http://www.realgoodssolar.com/

NextSun Energy
http://nexsun.com/home.php

1st Light Energy Inc
http://1stlightenergy.com/

Alteris Renewables
http://www.alterisinc.com/

Green Jobs

Green Job: Project Coordinator

Employer Orange County Planning Department Industry Related Industries
Category Other Close Date 8/12/2011
Type Contractor Compensation
Status Temporary Hours Not Applicable
Relocation None Location New York




Green Job: Chief Financial Officer

Employer Industry Solar Photovoltaic
Category Finance Close Date 9/13/2011
Type Employee Compensation $150,000
Status Full Time Hours Not Applicable
Relocation Negotiable Location New Jersey





Green Job: Utility Sales Director, California, USA

Employer Viridium Associates
Industry Solar
Category Sales
Close Date 9/13/2011
Type Employee
Compensation $110k - $140k + bonus
Status Full Time
Hours Day
Relocation Within USA
Location California


Green Job: Sales Director, Chicago, Illinois

Employer Viridium Associates
Industry Solar
Category Sales
Close Date 9/13/2011
Type Employee
Compensation $120-$140k+ Bonus
Status Full Time
Hours Day
Relocation Within USA
Location Chicago, Illinois

Introduction to Programs, Rebates, and Incentives

The Who, What, and Why of Incentives:

Generally speaking, incentives typically come in the form of some type of reward for an action you take to reduce your energy use. It can be in the form of free products, money back for purchases you make, as sharing of the costs by the utility companies, and in order ways.

*For example, with the Direct Install Program, you get a free energy analysis of the facility and free replacement equipment or products (include installation) when you use new, energy-efficient technologies such as fluorescent lighting, refrigeration measures, LED Exit signs, and so on.

*Under the Express Efficiency Program, rebates pay for some or all of the costs associated with installing higher efficiency equipment.

*The California Solar Initiative offers cash incentives on systems for solar-produced electricity. When combined with federal tax incentives, these incentives can cover up to 50% of the total cost of a solar installation.

*The Standard Performance Contract (SPC) program offers financial incentives to offset the cost of installing high efficiency equipment or systems. Incentives can be as much as 50% of the total for each installed measure, and are based on the type of measure, and are based on the type of measure and the kWh saved over a 12-month period.

Purpose of Benefits

The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) plays a key role in making California a national and international leader on a number of energy-related initiatives and policies designed to benefit consumers, the environment, and the economy.

The overarching goal of the incentive programs is to foster energy efficiency-reducing the amount of energy we consume without having a negative impact on the way we live or do business, reducing or eliminating the need to build new power plants, avoid energy blackouts, etc.

Who benefits from participating in these programs? We all do-as individuals, as businesses, the state of California, and our country.

At your home and your business, you can save energy, money, and the environment by participating in SCE's various rebate and incentives programs-helping the state move towards a cleaner energy future.

Over time, we will all realize the benefits associated with reduced energy demand and usage. Some of specifics that the CPUC anticipates accomplishing include:

**Prevent the need to build three additional conventional fire power plants, yielding net saving of $2.7 billion, a two-to-one return on investment.

**Cut energy costs for homes and businesses by more than $5 billion.

**Reduce global warming by an estimated 3.4 million tons of carbon dioxide, which is equivalent to taking about 650,000 cars off the road.

Green Jobs

GREEN JOB OPENINGS

http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/jobs/

Jun 24 Regional Director- Power Generation & Renewables KEMA Portland, OR

* Renewable Energy includes all forms of renewable energy generation from project ... generation technologies: * Renewable Energy: Wind, PV, Concentrated Solar, Biomass, Tidal,... more
Jun 24 Regional Director- Power Generation & Renewables KEMA Kansas City, MO

* Renewable Energy includes all forms of renewable energy generation from project ... generation technologies: * Renewable Energy: Wind, PV, Concentrated Solar, Biomass, Tidal,... more
Jun 24 Regional Director- Power Generation & Renewables KEMA Miami, FL

* Renewable Energy includes all forms of renewable energy generation from project ... generation technologies: * Renewable Energy: Wind, PV, Concentrated Solar, Biomass, Tidal,... more
Jun 24 Regional Director- Power Generation & Renewables KEMA Colorado Springs, CO

* Renewable Energy includes all forms of renewable energy generation from project ... generation technologies: * Renewable Energy: Wind, PV, Concentrated Solar, Biomass, Tidal,... more
Jun 24 Regional Director- Power Generation & Renewables KEMA Arlington, TX

* Renewable Energy includes all forms of renewable energy generation from project ... generation technologies: * Renewable Energy: Wind, PV, Concentrated Solar, Biomass, Tidal,... more
Jun 24 Regional Director- Power Generation & Renewables KEMA Wichita, KS

* Renewable Energy includes all forms of renewable energy generation from project ... generation technologies: * Renewable Energy: Wind, PV, Concentrated Solar, Biomass, Tidal,... more
Jun 24 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN - SOLAR! Alteris Renewables, A Real Goods Solar Company Parsippany, NJ

and strong communications skills. Real Goods Solar, Inc. (Nasdaq:RSOL) and Alteris ... merger agreement to create a multi-state solar integration powerhouse. The merger... more
Jun 24 SR Energy Sales Executive-$100-150K New York, NY

My client, an up and coming renewable giant is seeking several degreed ... with 2-6 years experience selling solar, wind or related energy programs. Candidate... more
Jun 24 Green Energy Wants YOU Aerotek Fort Collins, CO

with renewable energies like WIND and SOLAR POWER? Well, if you have experience with assembly, production, maintenance, mechanics, electronics, or wiring then the green energy... more
Jun 23 Solar Project Engineer Rmt Madison, WI

Solar Project Engineer will support RMT's renewable energy electrical design and ... for utility scale solar, and other renewable energy projects as required. In... more
Jun 23 SR Energy Sales Executive-$100-150K Philadelphia, PA

My client, an up and coming renewable giant is seeking several degreed ... with 2-6 years experience selling solar, wind or related energy programs. Candidate... more
Jun 22 Solar/ Green Building LEED Jobs USA Green Jobs Now Tampa, FL

Solar/ Green Building LEED Jobswww.USA Green Jobs Now.OrgEnergy Jobs/USA Green Jobs Now.Or ... Coordination, Smart Grid Engineering, Renewable Commissioning Management,... more
Jun 21 Administrator- Network II First Solar Perrysburg, OH

development and manufacturing of thin film solar modules used in grid-connected solar ... plants, as well as a provider of complete solar generation solutions for U.S. more
Jun 20 Lead Software Engineer, Electric Vehicle Charging Station - 1380967 GE Energy San Ramon, CA

from biochemist to finance specialist to wind energy engineer. Were passionate about ... as well as with renewable resources such as water, wind, solar and alternative... more
Jun 20 User Experience Engineer, Electric Vehicle Charging Station - 1369723 GE Energy San Ramon, CA

from biochemist to finance specialist to wind energy engineer. Were passionate about ... as well as with renewable resources such as water, wind, solar and alternative... more
Jun 20 Lead Software Quality Engineer- Electric Vehicle - 1378577 GE Energy San Ramon, CA

from biochemist to finance specialist to wind energy engineer. Were passionate about ... energy as well as with renewable resources such as water, wind, solar and alternative... more
Jun 20 Director of Sales - North America Adecco Direct Hire Houston, TX

Provider of software and analytics for the renewable energy industry, specifically wind ... development/sales, preferably in the renewable energy software field. In addition... more
Jun 19 Principal Mixed-Signal Circuit Design Engineer - Renewable Energy National Semiconductor Santa Clara, CA

Mixed-Signal Circuit Design Engineer - Renewable Energy Profession: Computer ... Mixed-Signal Circuit Design Engineer - Renewable EnergyEngineering | Santa Clara, CA... more
Jun 17 Senior Technical Project Manager - Utility Scale Solar/PV Listed Solar/pv Manufacturer & Developer San Jose, CA

Successful candidates will have at least 2 years experience of utility scale Solar/PV proj ... wiring calculation, inverter sizing, PVSyst, renewable energy, solar, PV, photovoltaic,... more
Jun 14 Renewable Power Engineer-UsaGreenjobsnow.Org USA Green Jobs Now Fairfax, VA

Renewable Power Engineer-UsaGreenjobsnow.Org Renewable Power ... in renewable technologies (e.g. solar PV, solar thermal, on and/or offshore wind,... more
Jun 13 Sales Application Engineer - Engineer - Renewable Energy, Solar Cybercoders Boston, MA

Sales Application Engineer - Engineer - Renewable Energy, Manufacturing, Solar, ... the renewable energy field, specifically in solar energy and design.- NABCEP... more
Jun 13 Renewable Power Engineer USA Green Jobs Now Virginia

in renewable technologies (e.g. solar PV, solar thermal, on and/or offshore wind, ... (technical, performance, economics, etc.) of renewable power generating technologies. ?... more
Jun 13 Sr. Mechanical Design Engineer (Renewable Energy Industry) TL Hitech Fairport, NY

improvement and develop new products in the solar and LED industry. Currently, there are ... Develop/design next generation products to meet demands of the fast-growing solar/LED indu... more
Jun 09 Renewable Energy / Electrical Manager, Engineer Mrinetwork - External Recruitment Houston, TX

OPPORTUNITY - LEADING PLAYER IN THE U.S. WIND POWER INDUSTRY This company is one of ... substation technical support to operating wind farms, including constant on-call... more
Jun 09 MS.Net Architect First Solar Tempe, AZ

development and manufacturing of thin film solar modules used in grid-connected solar ... technical solutions utilizing First Solar*s technology stack including Microsoft,... more

GREENJOBS.COM


North America

Regional Sales, Michigan
Flexible Hours Possible, New Jersey
Support Engineer, Washington
Sales Professional, Massachusetts
Solar Electric Installer, Massachusetts
Project Manager, Massachusetts


International

Proposals Manager, Germany
Solar Sales, Germany
Chemical Process Engr., Germany
Furnace Technologist, Singapore
Wind Resource Analysis, Germany
Business Development, Germany

Energy Conferences Worldwide for June 2011

19 12th Conference of the European Ceramic Society Stockholm Sweden
19 11th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference and Expo – SGEM 2011 (Surveying Geology & mining Ecology Management) Albena resort Bulgaria
19 11th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference and Expo – SGEM2011 Albena Bulgaria
19 CEMEPE 2011 & SECOTOX Conference Skiathos island Greece
19 Cleantech 2011 Workshop & Action Summit Grand Forks North Dakota
20 Electric Vehicle Infrastructure World Congress 2011 Berlin Other
20 Onshore E & P London United Kingdom
20 Smart Lighting Value Chain Summit Santa Clara California
21 International Conference on Electrical, Control and Computer Engineering Kuantan Malaysia
21 Electric Vehicles Infrastructure World 2011 Melbourne Australia
21 Managing Regulatory Compliance for Electric Utilities Denver CO
21 Power Plant Operations & Maintenance Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
21 Euro-American Conference for Academic Disciplines Prague Czech Republic
21 8th Renewable Energy Finance Forum - Wall Street New York City New York
21 European Smart Metering Forum & Smart Metering Update 2011 London United Kingdom
21 Managing Regulatory Compliance for Electric Utilities Denver CO
21 Louisiana Energy Conference New Orleans Louisiana
22 China International Petrochemical Industry Congress 2011 Tianjin China
22 Increasing Renewable Generation Leeds United Kingdom
22 The Nineteenth IASTED International Conference on Applied Modelling and Simulation ~ASM 2011~ Crete Greece
22 Electronic Materials Conference - EMC 2011 Santa Barbara California
22 The Tenth IASTED European Conference on Power and Energy Systems (EuroPES 2011) Crete Greece
The Tenth IASTED European Conference on Power andEnergy Systems (EuroPES 2011) will serve as amajor forum for international researchers andprofessionals to present their latest research,results, and ideas in all areas of power andenergy sys
22 Virginia Offshore Wind Conference Virginia Beach Other
22 Smart Grid 2011 - Implementation Issues & Challenges Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
22 Vietnam Power Summit Hanoi Viet Nam
22 Crans Montana Forum 22nd annual session Brussels Belgium
23 Synchrotron Environmental Science V Saskatoon Canada
23 Natural Gas Demand Summit Houston Texas
23 ENEX 2011 Nairobi Kenya
23 The UK Energy Summit London United Kingdom
What is the best combination of sources to meetthe UK's energy needs affordably, securely andsustainably? There is no consensus on the best wayforward. Become better informed at The UK EnergySummit - Securing a Bright Future.
24 INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT CONFERENCE 2011 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
The International Renewable Energy & EnvironmentConference, 24-26 June 2011 Kuala Lumpur Malaysiais the leading forum that will bring togetherrenowned researchers, engineers and scientists inthis domain of interest.
24 Building the New Economy: The role of competition London United Kingdom
25 MIGAS 2011 - International Summer School on Microelectronics Grenoble France
27 CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGY Kuala Lumpur Indonesia
27 Gas Storage London United Kingdom
28 Carbon Management For Power Plants San Francisco California
28 PV Balance of Systems Berlin Germany
28 Clean Power Asia Conference and Expo 2011 Bangkok Thailand
28 The R&D Management Conference 2011 Norrköping Sweden
28 Smart Utility Summit 2011 London United Kingdom
28 The US & EU: Addressing the Challenges of Global Competition London United Kingdom
29 CIOSTA Vienna Austria
29 AEBIOM European Bioenergy Conference & RENEXPO® Bioenergy EUROPE Albert Hall Complex, Brussels, Belgium
29 Cannes Water Symposium Cannes France
30 International Symposium on Material Science Engineering and Energy Technology Pathumtani Thailand

Electric System Operations

The physical electric system is comprised of a highly complex and interdependent network of generators, transmission and distribution systems, and customer loads spanning thousands of miles. Despite the diversity of the system, it must always be tightly controlled. Supply and demand must be kept in balance continuously and voltage and frequencies must be kept within tight bounds or serious consequences may ensue-the customers' equipment may fail to run properly, grid equipment may be damaged, and, in the worst of scenarios, the system could crash and customers would experience outages. Managing this complex system in the short term (next day) and real time (current hour) is the responsibility of the electric system operator. System operators must schedule resources to ensure supply is available to match demand and, in real time, must continuously adjust generation levels to match fluctuations.

Operational Characteristics of Power Systems:

Operating power systems is a complex task largely due to a few key physical characteristics. First, electricity cannot effectively be stored. This means that the supply provided by electric generation must be continuously in balance with the demand of customers' usage. The operation of the system is further complicated by the fact that the path of electric flow is very difficult to control. Electrons simply flow on the path of least resistance, whether or not that path matches contractual agreements or the desires of the system operator. Thus interconnected utilities are inextricably entwined with the actions of their neighbors. The only way to avoid this interdependence is for utilities to isolate their systems. But because utilities depend on connections with each other for reliability and access to economic generation sources, this is not a viable solution.

Further complicating system operations is the speed at which system disturbances travel. Electricity travels at the speed of light, and any major system disturbances can be propagated across an interconnected grid in a matter of seconds. Disturbances can be dangerous because uniform voltages and frequencies must be maintained within strict limits to avoid degrading service to customers (e.g., voltage spikes knock off computers, low voltages dim lights, high frequency speeds the operation of electrical machinery and can damage generating equipment, etc.) And in an information society dependent upon computers and microchips, even momentary outages of computers-controlled equipment can cost customers millions of dollars and are not considered acceptable.

KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF POWER SYSTEMS:
*Electricity cannot be stored economically
*Supply and demand must always be in balance
*The path of electric flow cannot be controlled
*Disturbances travel very quickly
*Voltages or frequencies outside of limits damage equipment
*Even momentary outages are not acceptable

What System Operations Does:
System operators, also known as control area operators or balancing authorities manage the actions of generators, transmission owner and load serving entities within their designated control area, and coordinate with neighboring control areas and regional system operators to maintain acceptable levels of service. To do this, system operations must:

**Forecast demand in the day-ahead
**Schedule generation to match forecasted demand
**Schedule reserves and other ancillary services
**Schedule use of the transmission system among various market participants
**Communicate schedules to neighboring operators so flows across interconnections can be anticipated.
**Manage the system in real time by correcting imbalances minute-by-minute
**Correct any system disturbances that may occur
**Restore power should an outage occur

Why Regulate the Electricity Industry?

The electric industry must be regulated due to the existence of monopolies. A monopoly is a business situation in which a corporation-through market power or a government-granted franchise-is either the only company conducting business in a given industry or the sole source of a specific commodity or service. A "natural monopoly" occurs in an industry where characteristics of the industry tend to result in monopolies evolving. a good example is the electric utility industry, where a proportionately large capital investment is required to produce a single unit of output and where large operators can provide goods or services at a lower average cost than can small operators. Both of these conditions occurred in the electric industry in the early 1900's. Thus, what began as a competitive industry quickly evolved into a market with few competitors. While the concept of monopoly utilities was ultimately deemed beneficial to the public, the resulting extreme market power created the potential for excessive profits and unfair favoritism to certain customers. This in turn created the need for government oversight of electric services.

The relationship between regulators and utilities is often described as the "regulatory compact." This means that in return for government regulators granting exclusive service territories and setting rates in a manner that provides an opportunity for a reasonable return on investment, investor-owned public utilities submit their operations to full regulation. In this section we will discuss the history of regulation and then look at how current market restructuring requires modification of the traditional regulatory compact for certain electric industry sectors.

The Goals of Regulators
Regulators generally seek to:

*Minimize costs to consumers and provide relatively stable rates.
*Maintain a fair playing field by not allowing undue discrimination
*Ensure reliable service
*Maximize the efficiency of resource use
*Minimize negative environmental impacts
*Ensure safety
*Encourage innovation in services to customers

Any given regulatory body may choose to focus on some or all of these goals. It should be remembered that in the end regulators are political in nature, and their attention to specific goals is driven by the political realities at any given period in time.

Who Regulates What?
Regulation of the electric marketplace is split between federal, state and local jurisdictions. For vertically-integrated utilities, services including generation, transmission, and distribution on behalf of the utilities' own customers are exempted from federal jurisdiction. These activities are regulated by:

*The state commissions for IOUs.
*The local government entity for municipal utilities in most states (13 states regulate some aspects of municipal utilities including rates).
*The co-op board for rural electric co-ops in most states (19 states regulate some aspects of co-ops including rates).

In states where restructuring has broken up the vertical utility, the IOU's utility distribution function (the utility distribution company, or UDC) remains under the jurisdiction of the state commissions. In these states, most sales of electricity to end users by marketers are only lightly regulated, but often the states create minimal set of rules that the marketers must abide by.

Once utilities begin selling power to other parties besides their own end-use customers, federal jurisdiction is applicable for those specific transactions (although state jurisdiction continues to apply to vertically-integrated activities associated with service to the utilities' own customers). Thus the FERC regulates power sales between utilities and other wholesale entities (other utilities and marketers) and transmission services not on behalf of a utility's end-use customers (commonly called wheeling services). This jurisdiction applies not only to wholesales sales and transmission lines not operated as part of a vertical utility. So merchant power plants and transcos are subject to FERC, not state jurisdiction. This applies even to utility companies that own generation in subsidiaries separate from the UDC and sell the output to their own UDC. In short, if the service is not part of unified vertical utility, it is subject to FERC jurisdiction. This also applies to ISOs, even if they operate only in one state (with the exception of Texas).

Power plant siting is subject to state jurisdiction, while most power plant environmental regulations are federally mandated. Many environmental regulations are enforced by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) while others are enforced by state agencies. Operation of nuclear power plants is federally regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

Distribution

Electric distribution is the movement of electricity from the interconnection with the transmission system through the end-use consumer's meter. If transmission is considered the highway on which electricity travels long distances, the distribution system can be considered the streets and avenues that connect end-use customers to it. Generally, distribution refers to electric systems with voltages lower than 60 kV (although some utilities define distribution as lower than 40 kV). Distribution systems are often divided into primary systems (higher voltages) and secondary systems (lower voltages). Ultimately, the voltage at which electricity is delivered to an end-use consumer must be transformed to the voltage used by the consumer's electrical devices, which for smaller customers is the common 120 V we are used to seeing in our homes and offices. All distribution lines in the United States distribute AC power.

Types of Distribution Systems:

Radial Feed
A radial feed is simply a single line from a transformer out to a number of customers. While the lowest cost of the options, radial feeds do suffer from the fact that loss of cable, primary supply or the transformer will result in loss of service to all customers on that feed. Also, radial circuits must be de-energized to perform routine maintenance and services.

Loop Feed
A loop feed serves customers off a loop that is connected to the primary feed at two ends. This costs more than a radial system since duplicative equipment is required, but does provide the capability of isolating faults within the loop and continuing to feed all customers except those on the section with the fault. The reliability of both radial feeds and loop feeds can be enhanced by adding primary distribution feed to the circuit.

Network System:
A network system connects multiple primary feeds and interconnects multiple distribution circuits in the form of a grid. While network systems provide the highest form of reliability since customers can be served in multiple ways, they are also expensive because of the costs of duplicative equipment, transformers and specialized network protective equipment. Networks are generally used in downtown urban areas with highly dense critical loads.

The Meter
The last key component of the distribution system is the meter located at each customer location. Without the meter, customers cannot be billed and energy companies cannot be paid. Metering is currently undergoing significant transition. Until the last 15 years, almost all meters were read once a month by a meter reader who recorded usage at each customer location. Meter data as generally limited to KWh used and for larger customers maximum kW. Since then we have become accustomed to increasingly sophisticated meters at reduced costs. Now many utilities depend on meters that can be read remotely and make meter data available on a real-time basis. Higher-end meters can be used to record large amounts of useful data including energy usage by time period, demand by time period and various measures of power quality. In the near future, the electric meter may evolve into a services gateway that will allow two-way communication between energy providers and consumers, opening up new ways for energy companies to maximize the efficiency of supply and customers to participate in energy markets.

Transmission

Electric transmission is the movement of large amounts of electricity over long distances. In this process electricity is moved from a central generating unit to an interconnection with an electrical distribution system, or in some cases, directly to industrial customers. The transmission system is the electrical highway that connects supply to demand across a network called an electric grid. Different entities define the facilities that comprise the transmission system somewhat differently, but transmission generally refers to any electric line with voltage greater than 60 kV (some entities use 40 kV as the break, some 115 kV). Typical transmission voltages include 69, 115, 128, 230, 345, 500, and 765 kV. Transmission lines can be designed to transmit either AC (alternating current) power or DC (direct current) power, but not both. Most lines in the U.S. are AC.

The Transmission System

Generation: Generator
Transmission: Station transformer and switchyard - Transmission substation
Distribution: Distribution substation

North American Power Grids
Western Interconnect
Eastern Interconnect
Texas Interconnect
Quebec Interconnect

Ownership of Transmission
Until the advent of electric restructuring in the U.S., transmission lines were owned by vertically-integrated utilities or by federal generation agencies. As restructured electric markets have evolved, some utilities have concluded that it no longer makes sens to own transmission lines, and have sold theirs to transmission companies (also referred to as transcos). A transco is a stand-alone owner and operator of transmission facilities. Many industry observers believe that over time we will evolve to a market structure where transmission ownership and operation is dominated by transcos. This is similar in structure to the current U.S. interstate natural gas transmission system, where investor-owned companies own and operate interstate pipelines as a stand-alone business.

Types of Generation

U.S. Generation Output by Type:

Coal 50%
Natural Gas 19%
Nuclear 19%
Hydro 7%
Fuel Oil 3%
Renewables 2%

(Increases may have occurred since data report)

As you know, utilities or generating companies try to match generation types with the aggregate needs of their customers. To understand how this is done, it is important to first understand that each generation type has different operating, financial and environmental characteristics. Key characteristics include capital costs, variable costs, operational flexibility, environmental impacts, fuel availability, and restraints on locations where units can be constructed. Following is a discussion of each generation type and an assessment of the key characteristics outlined above.

Coal:
The ready availability of low-cost coal has historically made coal-fired generation a favorite of many U.S. utilities. Most coal-fired generation employs steam turbine technology where coal is burned to hear water in boiler tubes. The water becomes steam and is run through a steam turbine that drives a generator shaft to create electricity. Because of economies of scale, most coal units are fairly large in the range of 250 to 1500 MW. The capital costs associated with building coal units are generally high compared with gas units, but many existing units have been on-line for a number of years and thus have been significantly depreciated. Operations and maintenance (O&M) costs are relatively low depending on the age of the unit. Fuel costs have tended to be among the lowest of generation sources in the U.S. Due to technological constraints, coal units do not have good operational flexibility as they generally require several hours to go from cold status to full operation. Because burning coal can be responsible for considerable emissions, coal units are generally considered to have a higher environmental impact than other sources of generation. For this reason and because of high transportation costs, there are areas of the country that do not use coal to generate electricity.

By 2005, high natural gas prices led some utilities and merchant generators to reconsider the value of coal units. A large number of new coal units are currently proposed and their sponsors are moving forward with obtaining permits and other regulatory approvals. While fuel availability and low price are currently attractive, future emissions mitigation costs are unknown since the U.S. has yet to develop regulation for carbon emissions (in the works now). Some companies are turning to development of clean coal technologies such as Integrated Gas Combined Cycle (IGCC) units, while others are choosing to use traditional technologies in the face of uncertainty.

Nuclear:
A number of nuclear units were brought on-line in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s. These units are generally large and range in size from 600 to over 1200 MW. Nuclear generation uses the heat of nuclear fission to create steam that is then run through a steam turbine. Capital costs associated with new nuclear units are very high, but as the units age and are depreciated their book values have declined. Variable costs including fuel are generally low, but fixed maintenance costs are higher due to the extreme safety procedures required as well as the need to collect costs for future decommissioning. Because of the technology employed; nuclear units do not have good operational flexibility, and start-up times are usually measured in days. Because of this inflexibility, nuclear units are used for baseload needs. New development of nuclear generation in the U.S. has been hampered by two key issues-the lack of waste disposal site for spent fuel and public concerns over the risks of a major nuclear accident or terrorist attack. In fact, no new units have been brought on-line in the U.S. since 1996 (although new nuclear units have continued to be built in other countries). As of late 2006, a few companies had begun the licensing process for new nuclear units in the U.S., but any construction appears to be many years away at the earliest. Despite the perceived safety issues, nuclear generation is favorable form the standpoint of emissions-no greenhouse gasses or pollutants such as NOx, SO2, or Mercury are emitted from nuclear generation.

Natural Gas:
As we have seen, very high percentage of new generation built in recent years in the U.S. has been natural gas generation. There is also a large base of older gas-fired steam turbine units in the U.S. generation portfolio. Gas-fired generation makes use of three primary technologies-combustion turbines that use natural gas directly to fire a turbine which drives the generator shaft; steam turbine that burn natural gas to create steam in a boiler which is then run through a steam turbine; and combined-cycle units that utilize a combustion turbine(fired by natural gas) and then steam turbine (wherein waste heat from the combustion turbine is used to produce steam which is the run through the steam turbine). Utility-owned natural gas units vary significantly in size, ranging from as small as 1 MW to over 500 MW. Natural gas is also used to fuel on-site cogeneration units and backup generators for many buildings. Capital costs associated with natural gas units are considerably lower than other generation sources. O&M costs are also generally low. Fuel costs vary depending on the market value of natural gas. As you might imagine, a major concern among owners of natural gas generation are the recent fluctuations in natural gas prices and the apparent tightness of U.S. natural gas supply. Depending on technology, natural gas units can be very flexible operationally. Combustion turbines, often called peaking turbines, can be started and stopped within minutes. Steam turbines may require up to six hours to go from cold status to full power. Although gas units do have some air quality impacts, they are generally less harmful than other carbon fuels (coal or fuel oil) and thus considered favorable from an environmental standpoint. For this and other reasons (units can be smaller, easy access to fuel supply, etc.) gas units also have the advantage that they can be located closer to major loads, and thus require less transmission.

Hydro:
Hydro power is the backbone of many electric generation systems across the United States where significant hydro resources are available (notably the West and parts of the Southeast). Hydro power is created by running water from a reservoir through as hydraulic turbine that spins and drives a generator shaft. Because the power output can be controlled by simply adjusting the water flow, hydro units are generally very flexible. Hydro units range from very small (100 kW) to very large (over 500 MW) with many units in the 100 MW range. Most hydro units were built a number of years ago (with some units dating back to the 1920s), so capital costs have generally been depreciated. O&M costs are generally low and, of course, there is no fuel cost once water rights are acquired. Given their operational flexibility, hydro units are very useful for managing peal loads and for power regulation purposes (keeping supply and demand in balance minute-by-minute) as well as for restoring the grid after a blackout. Although a new hydro dam would now be considered to have large environmental impacts, existing units are generally considered environmentally favorable, with the exception of concerns over impacts on fish populations and downstream activities. A related technology is pumped hydro storage which uses off-peak power to pump water uphill into a reservoir, thus making it available for generation during peak hours. This process is used by utilities as one of the few forms of electricity storage available to them.

Fuel Oil:
A limited number of utilities make use of fuel oil generation as an alternative to natural gas. Fuel oil generation is typically seen in regions where natural gas supply is limited or where utilities have the capability of fuel-switching units based on the relative price of fuel oil compared to natural gas. The technology used in fuel oil generation is similar t natural gas with a few changes to account for physical characteristics of the different fuel. Thus operational characteristics of fuel oil units are similar to natural gas units. The major drawback to fuel oil units is that they have more environmental impacts than their natural gas counterparts. In fact, some areas of the country do not permit fuel oil generation due to air quality concerns.

Environmental Concerns

Environmental Concerns:

Category * Specific Issue * Environmental Impact

Air Pollution * Sulfur Dioxide(SO2) * Acid rain, local health issues
* Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) * Smog
* Carbon Dioxide (CO2) * Global Warming
* Mercury * Local Health issues

Water Resources * Use of water * Consumption of water resources
* Thermal discharges * Damage to fish and other species
* River ecosystem disruption * Damage to fish and other species

Nuclear Radiation * Release of radiation/fuel * Possible source of cancer
* Accident radiation release* Source of cancer and other diseases

Land Use * Environments/Mining * Impacts on pristine areas
* Environments/Construction * Visual and economic impacts in
urban areas, disruption to
pristine land in rural areas

Environmental Considerations:
The generation of electricity results in an environmental conundrum-use of electricity at the point of consumption is very clean (for instance, electric cars are non-polluting) yet generation of electricity often has significant environmental impacts. These include air pollution, water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, ecosystem and land-use disruption, and the potential for release of radioactive materials. Areas of greatest concern include electric generation's contribution to acid rain, smog, global warming, and local health issues, as well as potential for radiation release.

Different types of generation have very different impacts, and environmental considerations can greatly influence how generation types are used as well as what types continue to be built. For example, environmental mitigation costs create an unattractive uncertainty for coal generation. Similarly, the potential for future political/environmental issues associated with nuclear generation have prevented any nuclear unit construction in the U.S. in the recent past. To foster cleaner generation sources, some states have moved to renewable portfolio standards (RPS) that require utilities and/or generation providers to acquire a certain percentage of their generation portfolio from renewable resources. Meanwhile,until the recent run-up in gas prices, most utilities and generating companies had favored new construction of gas-fired units in part due to the relative ease in obtaining environmental permits.

Green Power is Clean Power

Renewable Energy sources

Today you can buy some or all of your electricity as Green Power. Green Power is electricity generated from renewable energy sources as solar, wind, biomass and hydropower.

Consumers have the power to choose Green Power and make a world of difference for generations to come. All for just a few cents more a day. And you can be confident that while you're helping safeguard our natural resources, your utility will still deliver your electricity safely and reliably.

Green Power:
* Produces fewer environmental impacts than fossil fuel energy
* Helps to diversify the fuel supply and contributes to more stable energy prices
* Reduces use of imported fossil fuels, keeping dollars spent on energy in the states economy
* Creates jobs and helps the economy by spurring investments in environmentally-friendly facilities
* Creates healthier air quality and helps to reduce respiratory illness

The mix of energy sources that was used to generate New York State's electricity in 2003:

Nuclear 29%
Natural Gas 22%
Coal 18%
Hydropower 17%
Oil 12%
Biomass 1%
Wind 1%
Solar 1%
Solid Waste 1%

Buying Green Power will help to increase the percentage of electricity that is produced using cleaner energy sources.

Reliability

Reliability remains the same:

Switching to an ESCO will not change the reliability of your energy supply.

Electricity and gas will continue to be delivered through utility-owned wires and pipes, and the Public Service Commission will continue to oversee the safety and reliability of the delivery system.

Your utility is required to continue supplying your electricity and gas without any interruptions if your ESCO cannot provide service for any reason.

Your electricity and gas service can be shut off only by a representative of your utility. However, an ESCO may request that the utility suspend delivery service due to unpaid bills.

For any electric or gas emergency, continue to call you utility even if an ESCO supplies your electricity or gas.

No matter who supplies your electricity or gas, you remain a customer of the utility for your delivery services.

Understanding Your Bill

An example of an itemized bill

Whether you choose to buy energy from an ESCO or your existing utility, supply and delivery charges that used to be bundle together will be itemized. You may still pay your utility for delivery, but your energy supply charges will be a separate line item on your bill.

If you choose an ESCO, you may receive two bills--one bill from the ESCO for the energy portion, and one from the utility for the delivery portion.

There are likely to be other billing options available. You might get one bill from the utility that will include the ESCO's charges for supply, or one bill from the ESCO that will include the utility's charges for delivery. Ask your ESCO about your billing options prior to enrollment.

To help you be a more informed consumer, utility bills list specific services and charges.

SAMPLE ENERGY BILL:

This is a simplified example of a bill for electricity.
(Natural gas bills indicate usage in units of Therms rather than kWhs.)

Your actual usage and charges will vary.

This example is based on a monthly usage of 500 kWh of electricity:

Basic Service Charge $9.00

Delivery Charge
500 kWh @ 6.0 cents $30.00

Taxes (e.g. 4%) $1.56

Total Electric Delivery Charge $40.56

Electric Supply
500 kWh @ 8.0 cents $40.00

Taxes (e.g. 3%) $1.20

Total Electric Supply Charge $41.20

Total Electric Charge $81.76

kWh (KILOWATT-HOUR): The standard unit of electricity use measured by your meter. kWh is an abbreviation for kilowatt-hour. A 100-watt bulb used for 10 hours consumes one kWh. Your electricity use determines the total number of kilowatt-hours on your bill.

THERM: A unit of heat content equal to 100,000 British Thermal units (BTU). A BTU represents the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. The number of therms is used to determine the gas charges on your bill.

TERMS:
Basic Service (or Customer Charge):
This charge covers basic customer-related costs for meter reading, billing, equipment and maintenance. Regardless of how much energy is used during the billing period, this charge remains the same.

Delivery Charge:
This is the charge for bringing electricity form your chosen supplier to your home or office.

Taxes:
This portion of your bill encompasses both the state Gross Income Tax and a Gross Earnings Tax. Many municipalities charge other taxes. The appropriate amounts for these taxes are applied to all rates and charges and vary by locality.

Electric Supply:
This is the charge for the electricity used during the billing period. This is the amount for which you can shop and many vary depending on which supplier you choose.

*System Benefits Charge (SBC:
Your bill includes the SBC which is approximately 70 cents in this example. This amount reflects cost associated with public policy programs, including research and development, low income and energy efficiency programs. This charge does not apply to gas bills.

An Informed Choice

Making an informed choice in the new energy market requires you to do some comparison shopping. In order to make that comparison, you need to know these three things:

1. Your Electric And Gas Usage
You can get this information from your bill or utility.

2. What Your Utility Charges
Your utility can provide information to you about your electricity or gas usage and what if charges you for supply and delivery.

3. What ESCO's Charge
Compare the price of the electric or gas supply portions of your bill to offers from competing ESCO's.

ELECTRIC COST
Electric Supply -- Open to Competition

Electric Delivery -- Regulated utility service

Electricity supply-which represents about 50% of an electric bill-is open to competition. If, for example, your monthly electric bill is $100, you are paying about $50 for electricity supply. This is the competitive portion, and you can shop among ESCO's, as well as your local utility, for the best price. In this example, you are paying about $50 for electric deliver.


GAS COST
Gas Supply -- Open to Competition

Gas Delivery -- Regulated utility service

Gas supply-which represents about 75% of a gas bill-is open to competition. If, for example, your monthly gas bill is $100, you are paying about $75 for gas supply. This is the competitive portion, and you can shop among ESCO's, as well as your local utility, for the best price. In this example, you are paying about $25 for gas delivery.

Many states electric and natural gas utilities once operated as regulated monopolies, supplying and delivering such energy to you. Things have changed.

The combined services that were offered by your utility company have been split into two parts--supply and delivery, with the supply portion open to competition. You no longer have to buy your electricity or gas only from your local utility. Instead, you can shop among Energy Service Companies (ESCO's) that are competing for your business. This change in the energy market has brought about new products and services, and should give you better value for your energy dollar. Each utility service territory has a least three ESCO's serving electric customers and three ESCO's serving gas. Most territories have many more. Utilities are still responsible for delivering electricity and gas to your home or business using their existing wires and pipes and responding to electric and gas emergencies. The safety and reliability you've come to depend on won't change.

Demand Response Overview

In electricity grids, demand response (DR) is similar to dynamic demand mechanisms to manage customer consumption of electricity in response to supply conditions, for example, having electricity customers reduce their consumption at critical times or in response to market prices. The difference is that demand response mechanisms respond to explicit requests to shut off, whereas dynamic demand devices passively shut off when stress in the grid is sensed. Demand response can involve actually curtailing power used or by starting on site generation, which may or may not be connected in parallel with the grid. This is a quite different concept from energy efficiency, which means using less power to perform the same tasks, on a continuous basis or whenever that task is performed. At the same time, demand response is a component of smart energy demand, which also includes energy efficiency, home and building energy management, distributed renewable resources, and electric vehicle charging.
Current demand response schemes are implemented with large and small commercial as well as residential customers, often through the use of dedicated control systems to shed loads in response to a request by a utility or market price conditions. Services (lights, machines, air conditioning) are reduced according to a preplanned load prioritization scheme during the critical time frames. An alternative to load shedding is on-site generation of electricity to supplement the power grid. Under conditions of tight electricity supply, demand response can significantly decrease the peak price and, in general, electricity price volatility.
Demand response is generally used to refer to mechanisms used to encourage consumers to reduce demand, thereby reducing the peak demand for electricity. Since electrical generation and transmission systems are generally sized to correspond to peak demand (plus margin for forecasting error and unforeseen events), lowering peak demand reduces overall plant and capital cost requirements. Depending on the configuration of generation capacity, however, demand response may also be used to increase demand (load) at times of high production and low demand. Some systems may thereby encourage energy storage to arbitrage between periods of low and high demand (or low and high prices).
There are two types of demand response - emergency demand response and economic demand response. Emergency demand response is primarily needed to avoid outages. Economic demand response is used to help utilities manage daily system peaks.

Suppliers' Offers: HOW TO COMPARE

It's your choice to switch to another energy supplier or remain with your current utility. To make an informed choice, you may want to use this checklist.

INQUIRE ABOUT THE ESCO'S
*Make sure the ESCO is eligible to sell your energy by contacting the Public Utility Commission or your utility company.

COMPARE PRICES AND SERVICES
*What did the ESCO charge last month and what was included in the price?
*Is the price fixed or variable?
*If it's fixed, is it guaranteed?
*Does it include taxes?
*Are there any discounts, bonuses or credits?
*Are other services available?

REVIEW TERMS AND CONDITIONS
*What is the length of the agreement?
*Are there penalties for breaking the agreement?
*Are there additional fees?
*Is a deposit required?

CONSIDER UTILITY-SPECIFIC CHOICE PROGRAMS
Utilities offer choice programs such as Power Switch, Energy Choice, and Power Move. You can contact your utility and sign up for the choice program where:
*You could receive guaranteed savings (typically around 7%) provided by ESCOs off of your current utility supply portion of your bill for at least two months.
*You can extend the relationship with the ESCO on mutually agreeable terms and conditions.
*You can return to the utility after two months if you choose.

CONSIDER CUSTOMER SERVICE
*What are the office hours?
*What is the compliant-handling process?
*Are there toll-free numbers?

CONSIDER ENERGY OPTIONS
*Are environmentally-friendly generation sources such as solar, wind, or hydro power available?
*Are you a member of a group that has a program in place to purchase energy together to increase buying power?

CONSIDER BILLING AND PAYMENT OPTIONS
*Will I receive separate bills from the utility and the ESCO?

WHAT HAPPENS AFTER YOU CHOOSE A SUPPLIER?
*You will receive a confirmation letter from the ESCO with the contract and terms conditions.
*You will receive a confirmation letter from the utility with the effective date of the contract. That date is usually the day after your meter reading date.
*Your supply will continue uninterrupted.

About the California Solar Initiative (CSI)

The California Solar Initiative (CSI) is the solar rebate program for California consumers that are customers of the investor-owned utilities - Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), Southern California Edison (SCE), San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E). Together with the rebate program for New Solar Homes and rebate programs offered through the dozens of publicly owned utilities in the state - the CSI program is a key component of the Go Solar California campaign for California.

* A solar rebate program for customers in PG&E, SCE, and SDG&E territories. This program funds solar on existing homes, existing or new commercial, agricultural, government and non-profit buildings. This program funds both solar photovoltaics (PV), as well as other solar thermal generating technologies. This program is sometimes referred to as the CSI general market program.
* A solar hot water rebate program for customers in PG&E, SCE, and SDG&E territories. This program funds solar hot water (solar thermal systems) on homes and businesses. This program is called the CSI-Thermal program.
* A solar rebate program for low-income residents that own their own single-family home and meet a variety of income and housing eligibility criteria. This program is called the Single-family Affordable Solar Homes (SASH) program.
* A solar rebate program for multifamily affordable housing. This program is called the Multifamily Affordable Solar Housing (MASH) program.
* A solar grant program to fund grants for research, development, demonstration and deployment (RD&D) of solar technologies. This program is the CSI RD&D program.

The CSI offers solar customers different incentive levels based on the performance of their solar panels, including such factors as installation angle, tilt, and location rather than system capacity alone. This performance framework ensures that California is generating clean solar energy and rewarding systems that can provide maximum solar generation.

The CSI program has a total budget of $2.167 billion between 2007 and 2016 and a goal to install approximately 1,940 MW of new solar generation capacity. The CSI-Thermal portion of the program has a total budget of $250 million between 2010 and 2017, and a goal to install 200,000 new solar hot water systems. The CSI program is funded by electric ratepayers and the CSI-Thermal portion of the program is funded by gas ratepayers. The CSI program is overseen by the California Public Utilities Commission and rebates are offered through the Program Administrators.

Source: Go Solar California

The Canadian Market for PV

With its numerous incentives for renewable energy-an attractive feed-in-tariff (FIT) chief among them-Ontario is quickly becoming a hotbed for solar photovoltaic development. Yet despite the recent flood of activity in the province, the Canadian market as a whole has struggled to truly take off.
At the end of last year, Canada's installed PV capacity totaled just 94.57 MW, although this amount represents a huge jump from a year earlier, when the total was only 32.72 MW. Of the 61.85 MW installed in 2009, 50 MW was in Ontario. Much of this rapid growth can be attributed to the province's passage of the Green Energy and Green Economy Act of 2009 (GEA), which included a FIT for renewable energy, including solar photovoltaics. However, there are other advantages of developing solar projects in Canada, Elizabeth McDonald, president of the Canadian Solar Industries Association (CanSIA), stressed at the Global Markets: Europe and North America session at the Intersolar North America Conference & Exhibition, held in July in San Francisco. For one, she said, despite popular misconception, Canada has plentiful solar resources.

"People get cold (weather) and solar resources confused, and they shouldn't- there's a great opportunity in Canada", she said, adding that the country's solar resources correspond well with its demand-which are both high in the summer months.

In fact, some parts of Canada have enough solar resources to compete with the world's top PV markets. "Many people don't realize it, but Ontario actually has more sunlight than the largest solar-producing nation in the world-Germany," Brent O'Connor, a spokesperson for renewable energy developer Atlantic Wind & Solar, tells Solar Industry.

McDonald also noted that Canada's proximity to the U.S. and its well-established transportation links make the country a strategic location for solar development. Ontario, specifically, has an advantage, because its major urban centers are within close reach of large populations in both Canada and the U.S., says Blair Patacairk, senior investment consultant at OCRI, an Ottawa region member of the Ontario Technology Corridor (OTC). The OTC is divided into five regions: Toronto, Ottawa, Waterloo, London and Niagara.

"Within a two-hour flight of any one of those (cities), we'll hit about 200 million people," he tells Solar Industry, adding that this area includes not just Canada, but also the East Coast of the U.S. and the Chicago metro area. In addition, "Because we have such a great working relationship with the United States-the biggest bilateral trade agreement in the world-our economies are very connected," he explains.

Industry executives in Canada point out that the country enjoys financial stability and a resilient economy. "We have a very stable financial system," McDonald emphasized. "In fact, Canada got through the recession very easily. We felt it, but not much."

Source: Solar Industry

Germany leading the way in PV

German Installations Continued Growth
Photovoltaic system installations in Germany in the first half of this year are estimated at 3 GW, reaf-firming Germany's leadership position in the solar market, according to Germany Trade and Invest, a foreign trade and inward investment agency of the Federal Republic of Germany.
In 2009, Germany accounted for approximately one of every two newly installed modules worldwide, with total installations totaling 3.8 GW for the year.
Amendments to the PV feed-in tariffs (FITs) in Germany's Renewable Energies Act (EEG) were passed in early July, and a further adjustment to the FITs took effect Oct. 1. The changes mark a further shift toward the rooftop segment by abandoning field installations on cropland and increasing the attractiveness of the self-consumption bonus for small-and medium-scale rooftop installations.
The FIT rates were reduced by 13% for rooftop installations and eliminated for cropland field installations beginning July 1. At the same time, conversion areas saw a reduction of 8%, and all other areas were decreased by 12%. Beginning Oct. 1, these rates were reduced by an additional 3%. Still, according to Germany Trade and Invest, the new tariffs remain highly attractive, with rates ranging from 0.2502/kWh to 0.3405/kWh (Euro) for installations connected before Oct. 1 and 0.2426/kWh to 0.03303/kWh (Euro) for those connected during the remainder of the year (2010).
The changes to the EEG are a reaction to the increased price competitiveness of photovoltaic systems, including the recent price drop for solar panels and components. By 2013, energy from PV sources is expected to be competitive with conventional energy sources in the electricity market for private consumers.
Source: Solar Industry

The Market Maturation Cycle

Market restructuring is not an overnight process. It takes a long time to implement, there are lots of bumps in the road and benefits may not appear for as long as a decade. Consider what has happened in the airline and telcom industries over the last thirty years. While the process has taken decades to evolve (and is still evolving) for these industries, does anyone doubt the benefits to consumers? For anyone old enough to remember the days of the vertical AT&T phone monopoly, simply consider the multitude of services available today compared to the plain black dial phones of the past.

To put the process of market evolution in perspective, let's consider the market maturation cycle. The four stages of the market maturation cycle-regulation, deregulation, commoditization, and value-added services-provide an excellent framework from which to review the evolution of the electric industry in a specific region (remembering that different sectors will be at different stages in different states and regions in the U.S.). While the generation, wholesale trading and retail sales sectors will likely mature through these stages, they may not do so simultaneously, but rather will do so a different times in different regions. The other sectors-transmission, system operations and distribution will remain in the regulation stage, though regulation will have to be restructured to recognize the changes in the competitive sectors.

REGULATION
This phase is characterized by the dominance of regulation and lack of competition across the delivery chain. Transactions are generally highly structured and usually long-term in nature. Prices are fixed, buyers and sellers are relatively few, barriers to market entry are significant, vertically-integrated utilities dominate the marketplace, and customer choices are minimal. Prices are cost-of-service-based with little or no flexibility, and decisions to invest in infrastructure or innovation are highly influenced by support (or lack thereof) of regulators.
Prior to 1992, all of the U.S. electricity industry was in the regulation phase. Utilities or closely aligned generation agencies owned all generation, transmission, and distribution and operated their systems as a unified whole. Customers had little choice but to buy electric supply from their local utility.

DEREGULATION
In the deregulation phase, rules are loosened in some sectors and barriers to entry are broken down to allow competition to come into the market. As the number of competitors increases, transactions become more flexible and customers attempt to benefit from increasing choice and competition. Regulation still controls much of the way business is transacted, but is designed to encourage a level playing field among competitors and to foster competition in sectors that have been opened. Services in the competitive sectors (which may include generation, wholesale trading and retail sales) become more diverse and may be tailored to individual customers. While system operations remains highly regulated, prices for services such as reserves and transmission rights become market-based. Transmission and distribution prices remain cost-of-service-based, but incentive ratemaking is often adopted to encourage efficiency.

COMMODITIZATION
In the commoditization phase of the market maturation cycle, competition has taken hold. Numerous market participants compete with each other and trading volumes are high. Prices are market-sensitive and volatile. Regulations act mainly to prevent market manipulation and to assure fair access to monopoly infrastructure. Transactions become simplified and transferable among buyers and sellers. Financial markets arise where risk can be managed. Transactions that used to be secured with a phone call between old friends are now handled electronically with buyer and sellers often blind to each others identity. The return on investment in infrastructure such as generation is purely based on market demand. Now shareholders of competitive companies carry the risk of bad management decisions. If a power plant is built and market conditions don't support its cost (as has happened to numerous such investments in recent years) no one pays except the shareholders (and maybe the bond holders) of the merchant generation company. Under commoditization, there is price transparency-meaning market prices are known to all participants-there are no barriers to transfer of commodity between willing buyers and sellers, no one entity has market power, and there are no regulatory protections.

VALUE-ADDED SERVICES
In this final phase of the market maturation cycle, participants attempts to add value (and increase profits) by adding services their customers will value to the sale of commodity. In many instances, market maturation has led to razor thin commodity margins, so marketers are forced to develop customer-focused services that will improve profits to the seller. Because on kWh of electricity delivered through the distribution system is the same as another, value-added services are the best way for participants to increase market share. In the retail electricity marketplace, most marketers must rely on value-added services to attain reasonable market share and profits. Low price alone is not enough to sustain a market position.

VALUE-ADDED SERVICES
Facilities management
Energy management
Demand side management
Pricing and risk management
Power quality
Reliability
Combined commodity
Billing options
Value-Based

Demand Response as an Alternative to Generation

An alternative to some generation, especially to peaking units, is to develop mechanisms for end-use demand reduction during peak times. Such programs are often called demand response. Demand response can be emergency demand response (where customers are required to reduce demand only during times when their failure to do so will create reliability issues) or economic demand response (where customers are given economic incentives to reduce demand during times when it is cheaper to reduce demand than to purchase or generate additional units of electric supply). In the 1980's utilities implemented demand programs, typically called demand side management or DSM, whose goal was to reduce the need for costly new generation construction. These programs encouraged customers to implement energy efficiency measures through rebates for more efficient appliances and offered incentives such as discounted curtailable rate schedules which allow the utility to curtail service during times when high demand threatens system reliability. Although many of these programs still exist, there has been a trend lately towards economic demand response (EDR)programs. EDR recognizes that demand response to high prices can have a significant impact on muting price spikes in competitive markets. Thus, utilities and retail marketers have an interest in creating means by which customers can be compensated for reducing demand during high price times-even when reliability is not a factor. Traditional rates that do not pass real-time price signals to customers fail to incite this behavior. EDR programs include:

Real-time pricing--Customers pay hourly prices that reflect same-day or day-ahead
market conditions.

Voluntary load response--Customers are offered a payment for curtailing blocks of load, usually in the day-ahead.

Curtailable capacity call--Customers are paid a capacity payment to give the utility or marketer the right to curtail blocks of load under certain conditions; failure to curtail results in payment of market rates for that block of load.

Automatic load response--Customers are paid a capacity payment to give the utility or marketer the right to remotely and automatically curtail blocks of load.

It is expected that as more competitive markets evolve, economic demand response will become an increasingly common option for meeting peak power requirements.

Electric Generation, Global Warming and the Kyoto Protocol

The world's scientific community (in stark contrast to some of the world's political community) now generally agrees that man's activities in burning carbon-based fuels (coal, petroleum and natural gas) is resulting in raised concentrations of greenhouse gasses which increase the earth's average temperature and destabilize weather patterns. If the trend continues, results could be severe and include melting of ice packs, flooding of low lying areas, interruption of food production, and increased incidents of severe weather.

The largest single greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide (CO2). About 40% of the CO2 emitted in the United States (which is responsible for about one-quarter of the world's CO2) is the result of electric power production. More of this if from coal generation than any other source (coal generation emits about twice as much CO2 per unit of output than natural gas generation). Control technologies for CO2 emissions from traditional power plants are not currently available.

In December 1997 a number of countries agreed to the Kyoto Protocol-a historic agreement that is designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by establishing national emissions limits and provide for global trading in greenhouse gas emissions credits. The major industrial powers of the EU, the United States and Japan agreed to cut emissions by 8%, 7%, and 6% respectively below 1990 levels over a five-year period beginning 2008 and to create a global emissions credit trading program. As with all treaties, the Kyoto Protocol requires ratification by each signatory country. In the United States, the Senate is required to ratify treaties. After the Presidential election in 2000, the Bush Administration announced that it would not support the Kyoto Protocol and has never requested that the Senate ratify it. The Kyoto Protocol as ratified by the majority of European countries, Japan and Canada, and went into effect in February 2005. The participating countries are now moving forward with implementation of greenhouse gas caps and international trading of greenhouse emissions credits.

Meanwhile in the U.S., a number of states are have moved forward with regulation of greenhouse gases, and federal regulation will be implemented in the near future.

UPDATE:
EPA has extended the deadline for reporting 2010 GHG data to September 30, 2011. This extension will allow EPA to further test the system that reporters will use to submit data, and give industry the opportunity to test the tool, provide feedback and have sufficient time to become familiar with it prior to reporting.

In response to the FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act (H.R. 2764; Public Law 110–161), EPA issued the Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Rule (74 FR 5620) which requires reporting of greenhouse gas (GHG) data and other relevant information from large sources and suppliers in the United States. The purpose of the rule is to collect accurate and timely GHG data to inform future policy decisions. In general, the Rule is referred to as 40 CFR Part 98 (Part 98) 1. Implementation of Part 98 is referred to as the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP).

Suppliers of certain products that would result in GHG emissions if released, combusted or oxidized; direct emitting source categories; and facilities that inject CO2 underground for geologic sequestration or any purpose other than geologic sequestration, are covered in Part 98. Facilities that emit 25,000 metric tons or more per year of GHGs are required to submit annual reports to EPA. Part 98 was published in the Federal Register (www.regulations.gov) on October 30, 2009 under Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2008-0508-2278.

In the IEO2010 Reference case, which does not include prospective legislation or policies, world marketed energy consumption grows by 49 percent from 2007 to 2035. Total world energy use rises from 495 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) in 2007 to 590 quadrillion Btu in 2020 and 739 quadrillion Btu in 2035.

The global economic recession that began in 2008 and continued into 2009 has had a profound impact on world energy demand in the near term. Total world marketed energy consumption contracted by 1.2 percent in 2008 and by an estimated 2.2 percent in 2009, as manufacturing and consumer demand for goods and services declined. Although the recession appears to have ended, the pace of recovery has been uneven so far, with China and India leading and Japan and the European Union member countries lagging. In the Reference case, as the economic situation improves, most nations return to the economic growth paths that were anticipated before the recession began.

The most rapid growth in energy demand from 2007 to 2035 occurs in nations outside the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development1 (non-OECD nations). Total non-OECD energy consumption increases by 84 percent in the Reference case, compared with a 14-percent increase in energy use among OECD countries. Strong long-term growth in gross domestic product (GDP) in the emerging economies of non-OECD countries drives the fast-paced growth in energy demand. In all non-OECD regions combined, economic activity—as measured by GDP in purchasing power parity terms—increases by 4.4 percent per year on average, compared with an average of 2.0 percent per year for OECD countries.

The IEO2010 Reference case projects increased world consumption of marketed energy from all fuel sources over the 2007-2035 projection period. Fossil fuels are expected to continue supplying much of the energy used worldwide. Although liquid fuels remain the largest source of energy, the liquids share of world marketed energy consumption falls from 35 percent in 2007 to 30 percent in 2035, as projected high world oil prices lead many energy users to switch away from liquid fuels when feasible. In the Reference case, the use of liquids grows modestly or declines in all end-use sectors except transportation, where in the absence of significant technological advances liquids continue to provide much of the energy consumed.

Average oil prices2 increased strongly from 2003 to mid-July 2008, when prices collapsed as a result of concerns about the deepening recession. In 2009, oil prices trended upward throughout the year, from about $42 per barrel in January to $74 per barrel in December. Oil prices have been especially sensitive to demand expectations, with producers, consumers, and traders continually looking for an indication of possible recovery in world economic growth and a likely corresponding increase in oil demand. On the supply side, OPEC’s above-average compliance to agreed-upon production targets increased the group’s spare capacity to roughly 5 million barrels per day in 2009. Further, many of the non-OPEC projects that were delayed during the price slump in the second half of 2008 have not yet been revived.

After 2 years of declining demand, world liquids consumption is expected to increase in 2010 and strengthen thereafter as the world economies recover fully from the effects of the recession. In the IEO2010 Reference case, the price of light sweet crude oil in the United States (in real 2008 dollars) rises from $79 per barrel in 2010 to $108 per barrel in 2020 and $133 per barrel in 2035.

print version World marketed energy consumption increases by 49 percent from 2007 to 2035 in the Reference case. Total energy demand in non-OECD countries increases by 84 percent, compared with an increase of 14 percent in OECD countries. In the IEO2010 Reference case, which does not include prospective legislation or policies, world marketed energy consumption grows by 49 percent from 2007 to 2035. Total world energy use rises from 495 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) in 2007 to 590 quadrillion Btu in 2020 and 739 quadrillion Btu in 2035 (Figure 1). Chart data The global economic recession that began in 2008 and continued into 2009 has had a profound impact on world energy demand in the near term. Total world marketed energy consumption contracted by 1.2 percent in 2008 and by an estimated 2.2 percent in 2009, as manufacturing and consumer demand for goods and services declined. Although the recession appears to have ended, the pace of recovery has been uneven so far, with China and India leading and Japan and the European Union member countries lagging. In the Reference case, as the economic situation improves, most nations return to the economic growth paths that were anticipated before the recession began. The most rapid growth in energy demand from 2007 to 2035 occurs in nations outside the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development1 (non-OECD nations). Total non-OECD energy consumption increases by 84 percent in the Reference case, compared with a 14-percent increase in energy use among OECD countries. Strong long-term growth in gross domestic product (GDP) in the emerging economies of non-OECD countries drives the fast-paced growth in energy demand. In all non-OECD regions combined, economic activity—as measured by GDP in purchasing power parity terms—increases by 4.4 percent per year on average, compared with an average of 2.0 percent per year for OECD countries. The IEO2010 Reference case projects increased world consumption of marketed energy from all fuel sources over the 2007-2035 projection period (Figure 2). Fossil fuels are expected to continue supplying much of the energy used worldwide. Although liquid fuels remain the largest source of energy, the liquids share of world marketed energy consumption falls from 35 percent in 2007 to 30 percent in 2035, as projected high world oil prices lead many energy users to switch away from liquid fuels when feasible. In the Reference case, the use of liquids grows modestly or declines in all end-use sectors except transportation, where in the absence of significant technological advances liquids continue to provide much of the energy consumed. Chart data Average oil prices2 increased strongly from 2003 to mid-July 2008, when prices collapsed as a result of concerns about the deepening recession. In 2009, oil prices trended upward throughout the year, from about $42 per barrel in January to $74 per barrel in December. Oil prices have been especially sensitive to demand expectations, with producers, consumers, and traders continually looking for an indication of possible recovery in world economic growth and a likely corresponding increase in oil demand. On the supply side, OPEC’s above-average compliance to agreed-upon production targets increased the group’s spare capacity to roughly 5 million barrels per day in 2009. Further, many of the non-OPEC projects that were delayed during the price slump in the second half of 2008 have not yet been revived. After 2 years of declining demand, world liquids consumption is expected to increase in 2010 and strengthen thereafter as the world economies recover fully from the effects of the recession. In the IEO2010 Reference case, the price of light sweet crude oil in the United States (in real 2008 dollars) rises from $79 per barrel in 2010 to $108 per barrel in 2020 and $133 per barrel in 2035. World energy markets by fuel type Source: EIA/DOE